Ok, so Owning property isn't always easy, but there are plenty of perks. To Find out how to buy in let's take a look at the basics.
Buying
real estate is about more than just finding a place to call home.
Investing in real estate has become increasingly popular over the last
fifty years and has become a common investment vehicle. Although the
real estate market has plenty of opportunities for making big gains,
buying and owning real estate is a lot more complicated than investing
in stocks and bonds. In this article, we'll go beyond buying a home and
introduce you to real estate as an investment.
Basic Rental Properties
This
is an investment as old as the practice of landownership. A person will
buy a property and rent it out to a tenant. The owner, the landlord, is
responsible for paying the mortgage, taxes and costs of maintaining the
property. Ideally, the landlord charges enough rent to cover all of the
aforementioned costs. A landlord may also charge more in order to
produce a monthly profit, but the most common strategy is to be patient
and only charge enough rent to cover expenses until the mortgage has
been paid, at which time the majority of the rent becomes profit.
Furthermore, the property may also have appreciated in value over the
course of the mortgage (according to the U.S. Census Bureau, real
estate has consistently increased in value since 1940), leaving the
landlord with a more valuable asset. (To learn more, read Paying Off Your Mortgage and Understanding Your Mortgage.)
There
are, of course, blemishes on the face of what seems like an ideal
investment. You can end up with a bad tenant who damages the property
or, worse still, end up having no tenant at all. This leaves you with a
negative monthly cash flow, meaning that you might have to scramble to
cover your mortgage payments. There is also the matter of finding the
right property - you will want to pick an area where vacancy rates are
low (due to demand) and choose a place that people will want to rent.
Perhaps
the biggest difference between a rental property and other investments
is the amount time and work you have to devote to maintaining your
investment. When you buy a stock, it simply sits in your brokerage
account and (hopefully) increases in value. If you invest in a rental
property, there are many responsibilities that come along with being a
landlord. When the furnace stops working in the middle of the night,
it's you who gets the phone call. If you don't mind handyman work, this
may not bother you; otherwise, a professional property manager would be
glad to take the problem off your hands - for a price, of course. (For
further reading, see Tips For The Prospective Landlord.)
Real Estate Investment Groups
Real
estate investment groups are sort of like small mutual funds for rental
properties. If you want to own a rental property, but don't want the
hassle of being a landlord, a real estate investment group may be the
solution for you. A company will buy or build a set of apartment blocks
or condos and then allow investors to buy them through the company
(thus joining the group). A single investor can own one or multiple
units (self-contained living space), but the company operating the
investment group collectively manages all the units - taking care of
maintenance, advertising vacant units and interviewing tenants. In
exchange for this management, the company takes a percentage of the
monthly rent.
There
are several versions of investment groups, but in the standard version,
the lease is in the investor's name and all of the units pool a portion
of the rent to guard against occasional vacancies, meaning that you
will receive enough to pay the mortgage even if your unit is empty. The
quality of an investment group depends entirely on the company offering
it. In theory, it is a safe way to get into real estate investment, but
groups are vulnerable to the same fees that haunt the mutual fund
industry. Once again, research is the key.
Real Estate Trading
This
is the wild side of real estate investment. Like the day traders who
are leagues away from a buy-and-hold investor, the real estate traders
are an entirely different breed from the buy-and-rent landlords. Real
estate traders buy properties with the intention of holding them for a
short period of time (often no more than three to four months),
whereupon they hope to sell them for a profit. This technique is also
called flipping properties and is based on buying properties that are
either significantly undervalued or are in a very hot market.
Pure
property flippers will not put any money into a house for improvements
- the investment has to have the intrinsic value to turn a profit
without alteration or they won't consider it. Flipping in this manner
is a short-term cash investment. If a property flipper gets caught in a
situation where he or she can't unload a property, it can be
devastating because these investors generally don't keep enough ready
cash to pay the mortgage on a property for the long term. This can lead
to continued losses for a real estate trader who is unable to offload
the property in a bad market.
A
second class of property flipper also exists. These investors make
their money by buying reasonably priced properties and adding value by
renovating them. This can be a longer-term investment depending on the
extent of the improvements. The limiting feature of this investment is
that it is time intensive and often only allows investors to take on
one property at a time.
REITs
Real
estate has been around since our cave-dwelling ancestors started
chasing strangers out of their space, so it's not surprising that Wall
Street has found a way to turn real estate into a publicly-traded
instrument. A real estate investment trust (REIT) is created when a
corporation (or trust) uses investors' money to purchase and operate
income properties. REITs are bought and sold on the major exchanges
just like any other stock. A corporation must pay out 90% of its
taxable profits in the form of dividends to keep its status as an REIT.
By doing this, REITs avoid paying corporate income tax, whereas a
regular company would be taxed its profits and then have to decide
whether or not to distribute its after-tax profits as dividends.
Much
like regular dividend-paying stocks, REITs are a solid investment for
stock market investors that want regular income. In comparison to the
aforementioned types of real estate investment, REITs allow investors
into non-residential investments (malls, office buildings, etc.) and
are highly liquid - in other words, you won't need a realtor to help
you cash out your investment. (For further reading, check out What Are REITs?, Basic Valuation Of A Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) and The REIT Way.)
Leverage
With
the exception of REITs, investing in real estate gives an investor one
tool that is not available to stock market investors: leverage. If you
want to buy a stock, you have to pay the full value of the stock at the
time you place the buy order. Even if you are buying on margin, the
amount you can borrow is still much less than with real estate. Most
"conventional" mortgages require 25% down. However, depending on where
you live, there are many types of mortgages that require as little as
5%. This means that you can control the whole property and the equity
it holds by only paying a fraction of the total value. Of course, your
mortgage will eventually pay the total value of the house at the time
you purchased it, but you control it the minute the papers are signed.
This
is what emboldens real estate flippers and landlords alike. They can
take out a second mortgage on their homes and put down payments on two
or three other properties. Whether they rent these out so that tenants
pay the mortgage or they wait for an opportunity to sell for a profit,
they control these assets despite having only paid for a small part of
the total value. (For more on taking out a second mortgage, read The Home-Equity Loan: What It Is And How It Works and Home-Equity Loans: The Costs.)
Conclusion
We
have looked at several types of real estate investment. However, as you
might have guessed, we have only scratched the surface. Within these
examples there are countless variations of real estate investments. As
with any investment, there is much potential with real estate, but this
does not mean that it is an assured gain. As with any investment, make
careful choices and weigh out the costs and benefits of your actions
before diving in.
Andrew Beattie, The Globe & Mail, 10/28/2009